• About the Prize
• Essay Prize Competition
• Travel Fellowship
• |
• Past Fellowships
• The Library

• 2023
• 2022
• 2021
• 2020
• 2019
• 2018
• 2017
• 2016
• 2015
• 2014
• 2013
• 2012
• 2011
• 2010
• 2009
• 2008
• 2007
• 2006
• 2005
• 2004
• 2003
• 2002
• 2001
• 2000
• 1999

2001 Berkeley Prize Competition Commentary

2001 Berkeley Prize Competition Commentary

by John Cary, Jr.

As a graduate student in the Department of Architecture at Berkeley and a member of the Berkeley Prize Committee, I've had the unique opportunity to observe almost every aspect of the 2001 Berkeley Prize Competition. Professor Lifchez invited me to share a few of my thoughts on the Berkeley Prize, which I believe is one of the most important and unique opportunities available to undergraduate architecture students.

Background
Throughout the course of my undergraduate education at the University of Minnesota, I actively sought to link my personal studies to greater community involvement. During my second year, I enrolled in an interdisciplinary community service-learning course through the university's extension service--a course that I eventually co-taught. The approaches to learning and service employed by the class revealed innumerable connections between my studies in architectural theory and design, the social sciences, and my daily life. This realization was perhaps the most identifiable motivation for me to link my on-going coursework with community and professional service. For me, these are prime examples of architecture as a social art.

Upon graduation, in conjunction with my service on the 1999-2000 Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) Board of Directors, I had the opportunity to serve as a member an ACSA standing committee that oversees its Architects in Society Initiative. Building on my undergraduate experiences, research, and corresponding honors thesis, as well as some preliminary research done by the committee, I compiled and edited a 120-page sourcebook that was recently published by ACSA Press. This book has been very well received and has served as a catalyst for many recent ACSA initiatives.

My ongoing work through the ACSA has spawned invitations to present my findings at a number of professional and scholarly meetings throughout the country. While most have been short-term discussions on a variety of issues relating to community design and the role of community service in architectural education, my involvement with the Berkeley Prize for Architectural Design Excellence Competition has provided a unique opportunity watch this discussion extend across continents, time, and, on a personal level, two very different periods in my life.

I was first approached by Professor Lifchez in February 2000-before I had even been accepted to the MArch program at Berkeley--to help publicize the second annual Berkeley Prize Competition nationally. Still, I didn't fully realize how special the competition really was until the submissions starting filtering in on the Berkeley Prize Web site. By simply looking at the range of countries and schools represented at every stage of the competition, it became quite clear that the abstracts and essays represent an international cross-section of undergraduate thinking and understanding on the concept of architecture as a social art. But most significantly, they contain refreshing perspectives about the role of the discipline and profession of architecture in supporting this ideal.

While the primary goal of the competition remains to challenge students to think about architecture as a social art, in conjunction with the seminar noted above, I've attempted to capture the spirit of this competition, distill its most valuable ideas and references, and redistribute the findings through a series of teaching and writing initiatives. These initiatives will inform future competitions while simultaneously building and documenting a landmark international discussion.

General Findings
In addressing this year's question, many of the essays attempted to address larger or more general questions such as "What is architecture?" and "What does it mean to be an architect?" Within the first few lines of their essays, many literally defined architecture via a single word or short phrase. Architecture is: accommodation, appropriation, communication, elevation, hope, manna, public science, revelation, social science, etc. Accordingly, many framed architecture as a noun, a product, or thing. Others defined it as action: a necessarily social process or "social responsibility in action," as one student from the University of Minnesota contended.

People quoted and referenced an array of things from rap lyrics to figureheads like Winston Churchill, Vitruvious, Thomas Jefferson, graphic designer Tibor Kalman, and even The Bible. Still, others quoted cult movies such as The Matrix and Fight Club or even the popular movie about the suburbs, Edward Scissorhands. Some references were more predictable such as Frank Lloyd Wright and someone who is almost as frequently recognized by the public as the stereotypical architect, Howard Roark of Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead. The most referenced book was Garry Steven's The Favored Circle--a controversial look at the profession of architecture, but one that also accurately discusses the role of clients and users. Finally, of little surprise, the people or groups that were referenced in the competition introduction, namely Aldo van Eyck and Team X, drew a significant number of references, as did predictable hot topics such as technology and the Internet.

The exact references aside, I believe it is more important to note that most people spoke with confidence about and took ownership of the issues facing our profession and society in general by employing the terms "we architects," "we people," or "we students." Instead of more passive words like "would" or "could," many relied on more active words like "must, should, will, etc. Others referenced the concept of time arguing, "We are now poised to contribute to society."

Ironically, according to the limited demographic information requested of entrants, most of the participants were little more than halfway through their undergraduate education. And while they represent an array of pre-professional and professional program types, one has to wonder about the type of undergraduate courses that helped them formulate and articulate their understandings of architecture as a social art. Do their perspectives on it originate in architecture courses, general liberal arts courses, or a combination thereof? What kind of courses do or could best facilitate this important discussion?

Part of my original proposal was to consider how this could actually happen. Based on my fair understanding of Berkeley's undergraduate curriculum and thorough understanding of a dozen or so other school's undergraduate curriculum, it's fair to say that this concept is touched on in a variety of introductory courses, seminars, and even studios. Still, based on my limited undergraduate and graduate experiences, I would argue that the emphasis on architecture as a social art remains a secondary focus at best.

Perhaps that is why I'm such a big fan of the Building Community report compiled by the late Ernest Boyer and Lee Mitgang on behalf of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. In its seventh chapter/goal, "Service to the Nation," among other things, the authors state:

"Students and faculty alike should regard civic activism as an essential part of scholarship."

"For students to recognize the professional and ethical importance of civic engagement in their own lives, such behavior ought to govern the day-to-day conduct of each faculty member and the school as a whole."

"...[A]ll programs should provide students more opportunities to integrate civic affairs into the curriculum itself."

"Schools...must place far greater priority in preparing graduates to be effective and empathetic communicators, able to advocate with clarity for the beauty, utility, and ecological soundness of the built environment."

"It is not enough...for schools to provide students with community experiences for their own sake. The goal should be to provide opportunities for students and faculty to work together in communities to produce genuine scholarship with broad applicability, and to disseminate those findings so that others can benefit from those experiences."

In typical Building Community report criticism tradition, the question of how? remains.

Finally, many of the respondents danced around the question, "What does it mean to be an architect?" This, or a question close to it such as "Why do you want to be an architect," is a recurring question on architecture school applications, scholarship forms, and even tests. Technically (in the eyes of the state licensing boards and the profession), none of us will find out until we've passed the Architects Registration Examination, but we'll inevitably be asked and expected to work and think like one much sooner. 
Addressing this idea, the new ArchRecord2, a Web portal within the Architectural Record Web site, recently posed the same question to its readership: "What, or who, inspired you to become an architect?" A New Zealand architect responded, "To have an effect…to make something to be proud of…to change the way that people see." Another quoted one of his teachers who apparently confided in his students, "Architecture is everywhere; people experience it every day of their lives. You can stand back and look at it like paintings; you can walk around it and appreciate the detail like sculpture. Most importantly, you can go inside and get the total experience." The student concluded with "This obviously wasn't what inspired me in the first place, but it inspires me to keep going." I think that idea of how our motivations change throughout our education and career is an important one.
Looking back at one essay response, I was especially taken by a reference to the 19th-Century theorist, Henri de Saint-Simon, who described architecture and architects with a symbiotic metaphor: that they are both a "lamp" and a "mirror" for society, directing its social progress as well as representing its current condition. 
Original Assumptions

Following are the four quotes that I selected during the second week of a seminar led by Berkeley Professor Donlyn Lyndon, FAIA, with a special three-week component led by Team X co-founder, Peter Smithson:

"While we (architects) doggedly pursue ways of achieving aesthetic goals in buildings, we act rather timidly in the pursuit of public policy changes that would enable us to reach no less ambitious goals in practice."

--Thomas Fisher, In the Scheme of Things, Alternative Thinking on the Practice of Architecture

"I am proud to be an architect and don't propose we go out and tear down any buildings. I do propose, however, we tear down some of the myths and misperceptions that architects have about public policy and vice versa."

--Thomas Jefferson, architect and statesman

"By our very nature, architects are constructive, cooperative and creative problem solvers and as such, have splendid leadership qualities to offer. Likewise, public policy can only evolve and mature, if architects better use their integrated creative skills to have a greater say in local, national and international governmental affairs…I only suggest that architecture is made up of much more than just the aesthetics of design, and that we must consider a broader set of issues, and set new objectives for participation in public life."

--Excerpted from "Leadership by Design: Public Policy and the Practice of Architecture" by Richard Nelson Swett, FAIA, published in ArchVoices intern newsletter (12/00)

"The realization of an architectural design isn't purely a technical matter. It also has a cultural dimension--It is not only the public use of buildings that makes architecture a social art, it is also the architect's engagement with clients, communities, contractors and others whose participation is required to alter the material world. If architects can fully gratify their creativity on paper, they are squandering the opportunity they have to activate the creativity of others."

--Herbert Muschamp, critic, The New York Times, "A Fleeting Homage to an Architect Who only Dreams"

Like many of the competition responses, the above quotes stress the need for architects to engage in activities beyond traditional architectural services in the same way that I argue students should engage in activities well beyond their architectural studies. More importantly, the quotes stress the importance of communication among our discipline, profession, and the public.

As stated above, I was introduced to the Berkeley Prize Competition while working in a number of capacities with the collateral organizations of architecture (ACSA, AIA, AIAS, NAAB, and NCARB) attempting to do just that. The majority of our collateral discussions continue to stress the contributions of community design centers, design/build programs, livable communities, etc., and yet only one of the 77 original abstracts (authored by the 2000-2001 AIAS National Vice President) made direct reference to any one of these initiatives.

Still, I contend that the reason more didn't is not a result of lack of interest, but rather a lack of awareness that such programs exist. Raising awareness and understanding of the unique opportunities afforded to students, faculty, and our respective communities through civic engagement, community design, design/build, and basic voluntarism, should remain a primary goal. These types of programs are based on and nurture the principles and objectives that can best guide architects committed to the concept of architecture as a social art.

Biography
John Cary is a MArch candidate in the Department of Architecture at Berkeley and a member of the Berkeley Prize Committee. He earned a BA in architecture, summa cum laude, from the University of Minnesota and served as the 1999-2000 AIAS National Vice President as well as the 1999-2000 editor-in-chief of Crit, the journal of the AIAS. John has been published and recognized nationally for his writings on architectural internship, community design, and student involvement. He is currently co-authoring a book on the Italian architect and writer, Giancarlo De Carlo, a founding member of Team X. John can be reached by email at johncaryjr@hotmail.com.

Recommended Reading
Alexander, Christopher. A Pattern Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Boyer, Ernest and Lee D. Mitgang. Building Community: A new future for architecture education and
practice. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Press, 1996.

Cuff, Dana. Architecture: The Story of Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.

Dutton, Thomas A., and Lian Hurst Mann, eds. Reconstructing Architecture: Critical Discourses and Social 
Practices. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.

Fisher, Thomas. In the Scheme of Things: Alternative Thinking on the Practice of Architecture. 
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.

Gutman, Robert. Architectural Practice: A Critical View. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press,
1988.

Hertzberger, Herman. Lessons for Students in Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1990.

Smithson, Alison, ed. Team 10 Meetings, 1953-1984. New York: Rizzoli International, 1991.

Smithson, Alison. Team 10 Primer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968.

Stevens, Garry. The Favored Circle: The Social Foundations of Architectural Distinction. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1998. 
Bibliography

Abercrombie, Stanley. Architecture as Art. New York: Harper and Row, 1996.

Adorno, Theodor and Max Horkheimer. Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York: Continuum Press, 1982.

*Adrian. Visions of Power: Ambition and Architecture from Ancient Times to the Present. New York: 
Stewart, Tabori & Weisman, Leslie Kanes. Chang, 1998.

*Agrest. Esthetic Analysis. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984.

Alexander, Christopher. A Pattern Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Alice Friedland. "Family Matters: The Schröder House, by Gerrit Rietveld and Truus Schröder." Women
and the Making of the Modern House: A Social and Architectural History. New York: Abrahms, 1998.

Andreotti, L. and Costa, X, eds. Theory of the Derive and Other Situationist Writings on the City. 
Barcelona: Actar, 1996.

Anselvius, George. "Architecture/Arts/Aesthetics: An Agenda for the Future." Working Paper. St. Louis, 
MO: Cemrel Inc., 1977.

Anthony D. King, ed., Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment.
Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.

Anthony, Kathryn. Design Juries on Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.

Badiou, Alain. Manifesto for Philosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999.

Baird, George. The Space of Appearance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Beckmann, John. ed. The Virtual Dimension: Architecture, Representation, and Crash Culture. Princeton, 
NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 1998.

Benevolo, Leonardo. History of Modern Architecture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.

Benjamin, W. The Arcades Project. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999.

Betsky, Aaron, "Ten Modernist Architects." 10x10. Phaidon Press Limited, 2000.

Boesiger, W. Le Corbusier. Vol. 5. Zurich: Artemis Press, 1957.

Bourdieu, Pierre, and. Loic J. D. Wacquant. An Invitiation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: 
University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Boyer, Ernest and Lee D. Mitgang. Building Community: A new future for architecture education and
practice. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Press, 1996.

Brand, Stewart. How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built. New York: Viking, 1994.

Brooks, H. Allen. The Prairie School: 1972-1996. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998.

Bruce Allsopp. Towards a Humane Architecture. London: F. Muller, 1974.

Burden, Ernest E. Visionary Architecture: Unbuilt Works of Imagination. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 
Burleson, J. Douglas."Design Methodology: A Suprarational Approach." Working Paper. 1995.

Bussel, Abby. "The (Social) Art of Architecture." Progressive Architecture. Jan. 1995.

Cacciari, Massimo. Architecture and Nihilism: On the Philosophy of Modern Architecture. New Haven: 
Yale University Press, 1993.

Cahoone, Lawrence. From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. London: Blackwell Publishers 
Inc., 1996.

Coleman, Debra, and Elizabeth Danze, and Carol Henderson, eds. Architecture and Feminism. 
Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996. 

Conrads, U. Programs and Manifestos on 20th Century Architecture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.

Corner, James. "Discourse on Theory II: Three Tyrannies of Contemporary Theory and the Alternative of
Hermeneutics." Landscape Journal. Vol.10. No. 2. Fall, 1991. p.115-133.

Correa, Charles. "The Spare Part and the Machine." Lecture. MIT. 21 November 2000.

Crawford, Margaret. "An Education in Distinction." Harvard Design Magazine, Summer 2000.

Cuff, Dana. Architecture: The Story of Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.

Dal Co, Francesco. Figures of Architectural Thought: German Architecture Culture, 1880-1920. 
New York: Rizzoli International, 1990.

Dattner, Richard. Civil Architecture: The New Public Infrastructure. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.

Day, Christopher. Places of the Soul. London: The Aquarian Press, 1990.

de Sola-Morales Rubio, Ignasi. "Terrain Vague." Journal of Landscape Architecture. Vol. **? 1996.

de Sola-Morales Rubio, Ignasi. Differences: Topographies of Contemporary Architecture. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1997.

Dean, A.O. "The State of Cities: Paradox."Architecture. Dec.1988.

Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books, 1995.

Deleuze, Gilles. Kant's Critical Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.

Deleuze, Gilles. The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. 

Dutton, Thomas A., and Lian Hurst Mann, eds. Reconstructing Architecture: Critical Discourses and Social 
Practices. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.

Eliasson, Olafur. "Your Only Real Thing is Time." Art Exhibit. Institute for Contemporary Art, Boston,
MA. January 24-April 1, 2001.

Elkins, James. Pictures of the Body. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.

Evans, Robin. The Projective Cast. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Fight Club. Dir. David Fincher. With Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, Helena-Bonham Carter, and Meat Loaf. 
20th Century Fox, 1999.

Fisher, Thomas. In the Scheme of Things: Alternative Thinking on the Practice of Architecture. 
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.

Frascari, Marco. Monsters of Architecture. Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1991.

Frascari, Marco. "The Body and Architecture in the Drawings of Carlo Scarpa." Res 14. Autumn 1987. 
p. 123-142.

Friedman, Mildred S., Michael Sorkin, and Frank O. Gehry. Gehry Talks. New York: Rizzoli 
International, 1999.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Reason in the Age of Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981.

Giedion, Sigfried. Architecture You and Me: The Diary of Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard 
University Press, 1958.

Glazer, Nathan, and Mark Lilla, eds. The Public Face of Architecture. New York: The Free Press, 1987.

Gochot, Ted. "Behind the Cooking Glass." AIGA Journal of Graphic Design. Vol. 16. No. 3. 1999.

Gollings, John and George Michell. New Australia Style. London: Tames and Hudson, 2000.

Griffin, Marion Mahony. "The Magic of America." Working Paper. ***

Grondin, Jean. Introduction to Philosophical Hermeneutics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.

Gutman, Robert. Architectural Practice: A Critical View. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press,
1988.

Hall, Edward Twitchell. The Hidden Dimension. New York: Anchor Books, 1990.

Hanlon, Don. "Art and Social Responsibility in American Modernism." Journal of Architectural and 
Planning Research. Vol. 8. 1991. p. 83-87.

Harbison, Robert. The Built, The Unbuilt and The Unbuildable. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Hatch, C. Richard, ed. The Scope of Social Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 
1984.

Hertzberger, Herman. Lessons for Students in Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1990.

Hertzberger, Herman, Hans van Dijk, Hennes van Lingen, and Herman de Vries, eds. Herman Hertzberger:
Recent Works. Amsterdam: Stichting Wonen of Amsterdam, 1986.

Hewitt, Mark A., ed. Culture and the Social Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980.

Heyer, Paul. Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America. Walker Publishing, 1966.

Heynen, Hilde. Architecture and Modernity: A Critique. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.

Highmore, Ben, "Dwelling on the Daily: On the Term Everyday Life as used by Henri Lefebvre and 
Michel de Certeau." Dedalos. Issue 75. 2000.

Hoistad, Mark A. "Creativity -Social Responsibility: Why the Split?" Journal of Architectural and 
Planning Research. Vol. 8. 1991. p. 23-27.

Hollo, Nick. Warm House Cool House. Sydney: Griffin Press, 1997.

Houlgate, Stephen. Hegel, Nietzsche, and the Criticism of Metaphysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1986.

Hubbard, Bill. A Theory for Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Huxley, Aldous. The Perennial Philosophy. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1944.

Jackson Anthony. Reconstucting Architecture for the Twenty-First Century. Toronto: University of 
Toronto Press, 1995.

Janson, Liesbeth and Hans van Dijk. Architecture and Legitimacy. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers, 1995.

Jarzombek, Mark. The Psychologizing of Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Jencks, Charles, and Karl Kropf, eds. Theories and Manifestos of Contemporary Architecture. West 
Sussex: Academy Editions, 1999.

Jencks, Charles. What is Post-Modernism? London: Academy Editions, 1989.

Kahn, Louis I. "Architects, Process, Inspiration." Yale Architectural Journal. **1997.

Knevitt, Charles. Space on Earth: Architecture, People, and Buildings. London: Thames Methuen, 1985.

Koolhaas, Rem. S, M, L, XL. New York: Monacelli Press. 1995.

Kostof, Spiro. A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Kruty, Paul and Paul Sprague. Two American Architects in India: Walter B. Griffin and Marion M. Griffin.
Champaign-Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

Larson, Magali Sarfatti. Behind the Postmodern Façade: Architectural Practice in Late Twentieth-Century
America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.

Lasn, Kalle. Culture Jam. New York: Quill, 1999.

Latour, Alessandra, ed. Louis I. Kahn: Writings, Lectures, Interviews. New York: Rizzoli International 
Publications Inc., 1991.

Le Corbusier. The Modular I and II. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.

Le Corbusier. Towards a New Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 1986.

Lee, David M. "Addressing the Common Good." Progressive Architecture. Oct. 1992.

Lefaivre, Liane and Alexander Tzonis. Aldo van Eyck, Humanist Rebel: In-Betweening in a Postwar 
World. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1999.

Lefaivre, Liane. "Rebel With a Cause." Architecture.Sep. 1999.

Locock, Martin. Meaningful Architecture: Social Interpretations of Buildings. Vermont: Avebury, 1994.

Masuzawa, Tomoko. "The Sacred Difference in the Elementary Forms: On Durkheim's Last Quest." 
Representations. Vol. 23. Summer 1988.

Matrix, The. Dir. Andy and Larry Wachowski. With Keanu Reeves, Lawrence Fishburne, and Carrie-Anne
Moss. Warner Brothers, 1999.

Maxwell, Robert. The Two Way Stretch: Modernism, Tradition, and Innovation. Boston: Academy Group
Ltd., 1996.

McEwen, Indra Kagis. Socrates' Ancestor: an Essay on Architectural Beginnings. Cambridge, MA: MIT 
Press, 1993.

Michael H. Mitias, ed. Architecture and Civilization. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1999.

Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space Place and the Infobahn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Moorhouse, Paul. Anthony Caro - Sculpture Towards Architecture. London: Tate Gallery 
Publications, 1991.

Morteo, Enrico. "Walter Pichler: Sculture e Costuzioni al Museum fur Angewandte Kunst di Vienna." 
Domus. June 1991.

Mulligan, Donald E. and Kraig Knutson. Construction and Culture A Built Environment. Champaign, IL: 
Stipes Publishing, 1999.

Mumford, Eric. The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1968.

Neuman, Russell W. The Future of the Mass Audience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 

Newman, Oscar. CIAM '59 in Otterlo. Stuttgart: K. Kramer, 1961.

Nietzsche, Friedrich. Untimely Meditations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Ockman, J. Architecture Culture, 1943-1968. New York: Rizzoli International, 1993.

Ostwald, Michael J. and Moore, R. John. Disjecta Membra: Architecture and the Loss of the Body. 
Sydney: Arcadia Press, 1998.

Pallaasmaa, Juhani. "Our Image Culture and its Misguided Ideas about Freedom." Architectural Record. 
No. 1. January 2001.

Pallasmaa, Juhani Uolevi. "Toward and Architecture of Humility: On the Value of Experience." Harvard 
Design Magazine. Winter-Spring 1999.

Pallasmaa, Juhani. "Hapticity and Time - Notes on Fragile Architecture." Architectural Review.
May, 2000.

Pelli, Cesar. Observations for Young Architects. New York: The Monacelli Press, 1999.

Perez-Gomez, Alberto. Architecture and the Crisis of Modern Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983.

Pichler, Walter. "The Lesson of Pre-Columbian Architecture." Landscape. Spring 1964.

Pichler, Walter. Walter Pichler: Bilder. Austria: Residenz Verlag, 1986.

Rand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. New York: Penguin Books, 1993.

Rapoport, Amos. House Form and Culture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969.

Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 1989.

Saarinen, Eliel. Search for Form: A Fundamental Approach to Art. ***: Reinhold Publishing, 1948.

Saint, Andrew. The Image of the Architect. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983.

Sancar, Fahriye Hazer. "Paradigms of Postmodernity and Implications for Planning and Design Review 
Processes." Environment and Behavior. May 1994. p. 312.

Sanoff, Henry. Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 
2000.

Saunders, William, S., ed., with Peter G. Rowe, et. al. Reflections on Architectural Practices in the 
Nineties. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.

Slessor, Catherine. "Social Life." Architectural Record. July 1996.

Smithson, Alison, ed. Team 10 Meetings, 1953-1984. New York: Rizzoli International, 1991.

Smithson, Alison. Team 10 Primer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968.

Somol, R.E., ed. Autonomy and Ideology. New York: Monacelli Press, 1997.

Starobinski, J. The Emblems of Reason.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1989.

Stein, Clarence S. Toward New Towns for America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1957.

Stevens, Garry. The Favored Circle: The Social Foundations of Architectural Distinction. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1998. 

Stilgoe, John R. Outside Lies Magic: Regaining History and Awareness in Everyday Places. New York: 
Warner, 1998.

Strauven, Francis. Aldo van Eyck: The Shape of Relativity. Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura, 1998.

Tafuri, M., Architecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 
1994.

Tafuri, Manfredo. Theories and History of Architecture. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.

Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth. On Growth and Form. New York: Dover, 1992. 

Tschumi, Bernard. Architecture and Disjunction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Tucker, Robert C., ed. The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: Norton, 1978.

Tzonis, Alexander. Santiago Calatrava: The Poetics of Movement. New York: Universe, 1999.

Van Der Ryn, Sim, and Cowan, Stuart. Ecological Design. Washington DC: Island Press, 1996.

Van Eyck, Aldo. "The Child, the City and the Artist - The Inbetween Realm." Unpublished Manuscript, 
1962.

Vattimo, Gianni, "The End of Modernity, The End of the Project." Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in 
Cultural Theory. Ed. N. Leach. New York: Routledge, 1997/

Webster, Helena, ed. Modernism Without Rhetoric. London: Academy Editions, 1997.

Weston, Richard. Alvar Aalto. London: Phaidon Press, 1995.

Whyte, Iain B. Bruno Taut and the Architecture of Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University 
Press, 1982.

Wigley, M. Constant's New Babylon: The Architecture of Desire. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1999.

Willats, Stephen. Between Buildings and People. London: Academy Editions, 1996.

Zellner, Peter. Hybrid Space: New Forms in Digital Architecture. New York: Rizzoli International, 1999.